Seems clear the problem is SCB->VTOR not being set correctly. Per the screenshots, SCB->VTOR is set to 0x1FF09800. The reference manual indicates that address is in “system” memory. So that isn’t right for your application.
You can try this statement at the beginning of main():
SCB->VTOR = 0x08000000;
There are a couple of assumptions in this value (0x08000000), but based on your other posts I think it is right.